000K  utf8
1100  $c2020
1500  eng
2050  urn:nbn:de:gbv:8-mods-2020-00402-1
2051  10.3389/fimmu.2020.01582
3000  Daryabor, Gholamreza
3010  Atashzar, Mohamad Reza
3010  Kabelitz, Dieter
3010  Kalantar, Kurosh
3010  Meri, Seppo
4000  The Effects of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus on Organ Metabolism and the Immune System  [Daryabor, Gholamreza]
4209  Metabolic abnormalities such as dyslipidemia, hyperinsulinemia, or insulin resistance and obesity play key roles in the induction and progression of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The field of immunometabolism implies a bidirectional link between the immune system and metabolism, in which inflammation plays an essential role in the promotion of metabolic abnormalities (e.g., obesity and T2DM), and metabolic factors, in turn, regulate immune cell functions. Obesity as the main inducer of a systemic low-level inflammation is a main susceptibility factor for T2DM. Obesity-related immune cell infiltration, inflammation, and increased oxidative stress promote metabolic impairments in the insulin-sensitive tissues and finally, insulin resistance, organ failure, and premature aging occur. Hyperglycemia and the subsequent inflammation are the main causes of micro- and macroangiopathies in the circulatory system. They also promote the gut microbiota dysbiosis, increased intestinal permeability, and fatty liver disease. The impaired immune system together with metabolic imbalance also increases the susceptibility of patients to several pathogenic agents such as the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Thus, the need for a proper immunization protocol among such patients is granted. The focus of the current review is to explore metabolic and immunological abnormalities affecting several organs of T2DM patients and explain the mechanisms, whereby diabetic patients become more susceptible to infectious diseases.
4950  https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2020.01582$xR$3Volltext$534
4950  https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:gbv:8-mods-2020-00402-1$xR$3Volltext$534
4961  https://macau.uni-kiel.de/receive/macau_mods_00000662
5051  610
5550  Betacoronavirus
5550  Coronavirus Infections
5550  Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2
5550  Disease Susceptibility
5550  Dysbiosis
5550  Gastrointestinal Microbiome
5550  Humans
5550  Hyperglycemia
5550  Immune System
5550  Immunometabolism
5550  Infectious diseases
5550  Inflammation
5550  Insulin resistance
5550  Metabolic Syndrome
5550  Obesity
5550  Obesity
5550  Oxidative Stress
5550  Pandemics
5550  Pneumonia, Viral
5550  Sars-cov-2
5550  Systemic Low-Level Inflammation
5550  Type 2 diabetes mellitus