@Article{macau_mods_00006021,
  author = 	{Almawu, Endalkachew Degarege
		and Cecati, Federico
		and Liserre, Marco},
  title = 	{Robust Stability Analysis of Grid-Forming Converter-Dominated Grids Using Grey-Box Modelling Approach},
  journal = 	{Energies},
  year = 	{2025},
  publisher = 	{MDPI AG},
  address = 	{Basel},
  volume = 	{18},
  number = 	{3},
  pages = 	{587},
  keywords = 	{grid-forming; grey-box modelling; robust stability analysis; sensitivity analysis; synchronization; uncertainty},
  abstract = 	{In recent years, continuous efforts have been made for the modelling and stability analysis of converter-dominated grids. Ensuring stability in converter-dominated grids presents a unique challenge, primarily due to the manufacturers' intellectual property (IP) protections. Determining the robust stability boundary of a grid incorporating converters from various manufacturers remains an area requiring extensive research. Recently, a grey-box modelling approach for studying interoperability has been proposed in the literature. However, the existing methodology is solely suitable for grid-following converters. This study bridges the gap by proposing a GFM converters model which aligns with the methodology for analysing the interoperability of GFL converters. The model is designed to represent a range of control system implementations across different manufacturers. Using robust control theory, this approach assesses the grid's stability margin and sensitivity analysis of the control loops under various conditions considering a single GFM converter. The results are validated both analytically and through real-time hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) tests to demonstrate the model accuracy in predicting robust stability margin and sensitivity of the control loops in GFM converter-dominated grids.},
  issn = 	{1996-1073},
  doi = 	{10.3390/en18030587},
  url = 	{https://macau.uni-kiel.de/receive/macau_mods_00006021},
  url = 	{https://doi.org/10.3390/en18030587},
  file = 	{:https://macau.uni-kiel.de/servlets/MCRFileNodeServlet/macau_derivate_00007483/energies-18-00587.pdf:PDF},
  language = 	{en}
}