@Article{macau_mods_00006021, author = {Almawu, Endalkachew Degarege and Cecati, Federico and Liserre, Marco}, title = {Robust Stability Analysis of Grid-Forming Converter-Dominated Grids Using Grey-Box Modelling Approach}, journal = {Energies}, year = {2025}, publisher = {MDPI AG}, address = {Basel}, volume = {18}, number = {3}, pages = {587}, keywords = {grid-forming; grey-box modelling; robust stability analysis; sensitivity analysis; synchronization; uncertainty}, abstract = {In recent years, continuous efforts have been made for the modelling and stability analysis of converter-dominated grids. Ensuring stability in converter-dominated grids presents a unique challenge, primarily due to the manufacturers' intellectual property (IP) protections. Determining the robust stability boundary of a grid incorporating converters from various manufacturers remains an area requiring extensive research. Recently, a grey-box modelling approach for studying interoperability has been proposed in the literature. However, the existing methodology is solely suitable for grid-following converters. This study bridges the gap by proposing a GFM converters model which aligns with the methodology for analysing the interoperability of GFL converters. The model is designed to represent a range of control system implementations across different manufacturers. Using robust control theory, this approach assesses the grid's stability margin and sensitivity analysis of the control loops under various conditions considering a single GFM converter. The results are validated both analytically and through real-time hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) tests to demonstrate the model accuracy in predicting robust stability margin and sensitivity of the control loops in GFM converter-dominated grids.}, issn = {1996-1073}, doi = {10.3390/en18030587}, url = {https://macau.uni-kiel.de/receive/macau_mods_00006021}, url = {https://doi.org/10.3390/en18030587}, file = {:https://macau.uni-kiel.de/servlets/MCRFileNodeServlet/macau_derivate_00007483/energies-18-00587.pdf:PDF}, language = {en} }