Physico-chemical properties of extrudates and their relation to lipid incorporation and lipid oxidation

Extrusion cooking is a key technology in food processing used to produce a wide range of products and extrudates such as cereals, cornflakes and snacks. In addition, extrusion plays a central role in the production of animal food. The oxidation of lipids in extrudates is problematic as this is associated with considerable quality deteriorations. Most conspicuous is the rancid off-flavour. Lipids can interact differently with the matrix in an extrudate and be incorporated into the matrix to different degrees. The aim of this thesis is to understand the relationship between lipid oxidation and the structural properties of the extrudate and the interaction of lipids with the matrix in order to create a basis for reducing oxidation processes in extrudates. A fractionated lipid extraction was developed, which enabled the characterization and investigation of oxidation processes in different regions of an extrudate. Three fractions were obtained which can be assigned to surface lipids, lipids adsorbing on the inner lamellas of the extrudate and matrix-incorporated lipids. Matrix-incorporated lipids are finely dispersed in the amylose-amylopectin matrix and can only be extracted after an amylase treatment which causes a degradation of the starch matrix. It was shown that the water content of the extrusion mass influences the microstructure and the expansion. The higher the proportion of lipids incorporated in the matrix, the higher is the oxidative stability of the extrudate. Furthermore, the effects of a lipid-based coating on lipid oxidation in extrudates with different microstructures were investigated. Coating with MCT oil inhibited lipid oxidation in corn extrudates beyond the effects of dilution. This effect was particularly pronounced in porous extrudates, as it could be shown that the coating adheres mainly to the surface, migrates only slightly into the core and closes micro cracks. The formation of radicals in model systems and extrudates was investigated by electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy. The extrusion process formed stable protein radicals and lipid radical concentration increased simultaneously with the formation of hydroperoxides in the model system. In addition, it was demonstrated that the reaction rate of lipid oxidation is influenced by the matrix. However, the logarithmic plot of the reaction rate, based on the increase of hydroperoxide formation after the lag phase, led to an overestimation of lipid oxidation at room temperature and requires the application of more complex models. Within this thesis, different mechanisms and matrix effects could be identified that influence lipid oxidation during extrusion and storage. They provide a basis for the derivation of factors to increase the oxidative stability of extrudates.

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