Ramadan Observance Exacerbated the Negative Effects of COVID-19 Lockdown on Sleep and Training Behaviors : A International Survey on 1,681 Muslim Athletes

Methods
From an international sample of athletes (n = 3,911), 1,681 Muslim athletes (from 44 countries; 25.1 ± 8.7 years, 38% females, 41% elite, 51% team sport athletes) answered a retrospective, cross-sectional questionnaire relating to their behavioral habits pre- and during- COVID-19 lockdown, including: (i) Pittsburgh sleep quality index (PSQI); (ii) insomnia severity index (ISI); (iii) bespoke questions about training, napping, and eating behaviors, and (iv) questions related to training and sleep behaviors during-lockdown and Ramadan compared to lockdown outside of Ramadan. The lockdown reduced sleep quality and increased insomnia severity (both p < 0.001). Compared to non-Muslim (n = 2,230), Muslim athletes reported higher PSQI and ISI scores during-lockdown (both p < 0.001), but not pre-lockdown (p > 0.05). Muslim athletes reported longer (p < 0.001; d = 0.29) and later (p < 0.001; d = 0.14) daytime naps, and an increase in late-night meals (p < 0.001; d = 0.49) during- compared to pre-lockdown, associated with lower sleep quality (all p < 0.001). Both sleep quality (χ2 = 222.6; p < 0.001) and training volume (χ2 = 342.4; p < 0.001) were lower during-lockdown and Ramadan compared to lockdown outside of Ramadan in the Muslims athletes.

Conclusion

Muslim athletes reported lower sleep quality and higher insomnia severity during- compared to pre-lockdown, and this was exacerbated by Ramadan observance. Therefore, further attention to Muslim athletes is warranted when a circadian disrupter (e.g., lockdown) occurs during Ramadan.

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Zitierform:
Romdhani, M., Ammar, A., Trabelsi, K., Chtourou, H., Vitale, J.A., Masmoudi, L., Nédélec, M., Rae, D.E., Al Horani, R.A., Ben Saad, H., Bragazzi, N., Dönmez, G., Dergaa, I., Driss, T., Farooq, A., Hammouda, O., Harroum, N., Hassanmirzaei, B., Khalladi, K., Khemila, S., Mataruna-Dos-Santos, L.J., Moussa-Chamari, I., Mujika, I., Muñoz Helú, H., Norouzi Fashkhami, A., Paineiras-Domingos, L.L., Khaneghah, M.R., Saita, Y., Souabni, M., Souissi, N., Washif, J.A., Weber, J., Zmijewski, P., Taylor, L., Garbarino, S., Chamari, K., 2022. Ramadan Observance Exacerbated the Negative Effects of COVID-19 Lockdown on Sleep and Training Behaviors: A International Survey on 1,681 Muslim Athletes. Frontiers in nutrition 9. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.925092
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