Bartholin Gland Carcinoma: A State-of-the-Art Review of Epidemiology, Histopathology, Molecular Testing, and Clinical Management

Bartholin gland carcinoma is a rare type of vulvar cancer that is often mistaken for a harmless cyst or infection, especially in women over 40. This can delay diagnosis and treatment. There are three main types—squamous cell, adenoid cystic, and adenocarcinoma—each behaving differently and needing specific tests to confirm. Some tumor types are linked to HPV, while others are not and may behave more aggressively. Due to its rarity, treatment is often guided by general vulvar cancer recommendations. Surgery is the mainstay, sometimes followed by radiation or chemotherapy. Advances in molecular medicine can improve diagnosis and guide newer treatments, like immunotherapy or targeted drugs. This review brings together all current knowledge about diagnosis and treatment of this rare cancer.

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