Adoption of Climate-Smart Agricultural Practices and Their Impacts on the Welfare of Livestock Farming Households in Pakistan
Climate change is adversely affecting rural communities due to their heavy reliance on agriculture and livestock activities. Adoption of climate-smart agricultural (CSA) practices has emerged as an important strategy which can enhance resilience to climate change, reduce GHG emissions, and sustainably increase agricultural productivity. Women’s role in livestock rearing is significant and can have an impact on the adoption decision of CSA practices. To identify effective CSA practices, it is critical to understand the adoption process of these practices, the role of women in the adoption of these practices, and their welfare impacts on farm households. The study first examines the determinants of livestock farmers’ adoption of CSA practices and their impact on food security and household income by using a multinomial endogenous switching regression (MESR) model. The findings show that livestock farmers with joint adoption of CSA practices benefit more than those who do not adopt any or adopt an individual practice. The study further examines the impact heterogeneity in adopting CSA practices on the farm income and poverty levels of livestock farming households using a continuous treatment approach. The results reveal substantial heterogeneity in benefits derived from the adoption of CSA practices. The study also analysed the role of women's participation in the adoption of CSA practices using a conditional mixed process (CMP) approach and Poisson regression. The results reveal that their participation significantly increases adoption of CSA practices. Finally, the study indicates that joint adoption of income diversification strategies as an adaptation strategy to climate change enhances the food and nutrition security of farm households. These findings highlight the need to develop targeted policy measures to promote CSA practices and take into account women's roles in scaling up CSA practices.
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